APPSC

Q&A on Vedic times

Aryan Migration:-

The term aryan refers to an ethnic race, who speak Indo-European Languages. Many scholars propounded different theories regarding the origin, The most widely accepted one is Max Muller’s proposition, which is supported by the Archeological and Linguistic evidences. For examples, Max Muller identified the migration of aryans with the series of inscriptions such as Hittie Inscription in Anatolia, Mycenaean Inscription from Greece, Kassites and Mittani Inscriptions from Mesopotamia. Apart from that, Literary sources of early Aryans such as Rigveda mentioned Many rivers, geographical features of west asia. For example, Nadistuti Shukta hymn of rigveda mentioned nearly 21 rivers from sindh, Bactria and surrounding regions. It also mentioned rivers like Kramu(Khurram) and Kabhu(Kabul), which are in afghanistan.

Apart from this, Rigveda mentioned about the Lions but not about the Tigers or Rhinoceros, which are available deep in sub-continent.

Due to these evidences, Max Muller concluded that, Indo-Aryans entered in India from Khyber and Bolan Passes.

When they entered into India, they settled in Saptha-Sindhava Area, land of 7 rivers.

Q) Compare and contrast the salient features of early Vedic and later Vedic civilisation in political, social, economic and religious fields? — 2008 G-I

The term aryan refers to an ethnic race, who speak Indo-European Languages. Vedic civilisation is aryan centric civilisation. The word Aryan is mentioned nearly 36 times in Rigveda. Early vedic lies in between 1500 B.C- 1000B.C. Whereas later vedic lies in between 1000B.C-600B.C.

Social Sphere:-

Early Vedic: In Early vedic, the word “Varna” first came to used to differentiate race based on colour but later, this varna is used to differentiate the people based on Profession. Ex:- Bramhan for teachings, priestly work, Kshatriya for administration, Vaishyas for trade, agriculture production, e.t.c., Shudras to serve all above classes.

The “Varna” system is not rigid in early vedic but it became too rigid and closed and gave way to the caste, which is inherited by birth.

In later vedic times, Brahmanas and Kshatriyas enjoyed high status position. Eventhough the concept of the “Dwija”(twice born) was given to vaisyas, they didnt enjoy as high position as the Brahmanas or Kshatriyas. Shudra became oppressed and they are not entitled to either Dwija or recitation of Vedas.

Inorder to protect the Purity of family/kula, the concept, “GOTRA” is introduced during later Vedic period and encouraged Endogamy within one’s caste and Anuloma and Pratiloma marriages are restricted.

Women: They enjoyed the higher position in early Vedic period. They allowed to enter in SAMITIs. Women Scholars such as Gargi challenged one of the renowned scholars like yagnavalkhya.

But, their position is degenerated gradually and they are not allowed to recite the vedas. Many social evils like, child marriage, Sati and many others came into existence in this period.

Religion:-

In early vedic times, Rigveda believed that this world is result of great sacrifice called “Hiranyagarbha”. This world consists of Celestial Sphere, Aerial Sphere and Terrestrial Sphere. The god of Terrestrial Sphere is known as the Indra, for whom, 250 hymns are dedicated in Rigveda, The God of Aerial sphere is Varun, for whom nearly 200 Hymn are dedicated. God of Terrestrial sphere is knowns as the Agni.

There are female gods like Saraswati and the god of Cosmic Energy is known as the “Savitri”, on whom Gayatri Mantra was composed by Vishwamitra.

Early rigvedic religion is marked by the Prayers but not by elaborate rituals or ceremonies. These prayers for material gains but not for the Salvation or God.

In Later vedic times, the Vedic Gods like Indra, Varun and Agni are replaced by “Trimurthi”, Bramha, Vishnu and Maheswara.

Elaborate rituals and ceremonies are practiced. Ex:- Aswamedha Ritual, Rajasuya, Vajapeya sacrifices were practiced with great opulence.

The Only female god of early Vedic times, Saraswati lost the relevance.

The democratic spirit of rigvedic times was replaced by monopolistic tendencies. The priestly clan particularly “Bramhin” dominated the religion.

Polity:-

In both times, the society is based on Patriarchal. In Early vedic times, there were sabha, samiti, Vidatha and other assemblies to decide on key issues. But, in Later vedic times, these assemblies lost their relevance.

Kula/ Family —> Kulapati/ Head of the family

Grama —> Gramani

Vis—> Visyapati

Jana —> Rajan, These are the ways in which polity existed in vedic times.

The Rajan, who is head of the jana, has little powers and is controlled by powerful sabha and samiti in early vedic times. He strived to seek the attention of sabha and samiti.

There was no standing army. Incase of calamity, Rajan accumulate People of grama in the form of militia.

There are no tax collectors and tax was not compulsory. Voluntary Contributions, Bhaga were made.

Whereas in Later Vedic times, the position of Rajan become too powerful. Sabha and Samiti almost lost their relevance. He has standing armies headed by Senani, well established bureaucracy and tax collectors(Bhagadhuga).

Economy:-

Economy of early vedic times was mainly pastoral economy. Eventhough, people of this times knows the rice(vrihi), Wheat(Godhuma), Barley, ryi, peas, e.t.c., they dependant heavily on cattle. There was little significance to Territory or sovereignty, e.t.c.,

Their production from agriculture is so little that would serve only their grama.

In later vedic times, Due to advent of Krishna Ayan(Krishna, Black + Ayan, Metal), Iron, People cleared the forests around the Ganga-Yamuna Doab and started leading settled life with agriculture as main stay.

With increased production of agriculture, Janas became janapadas. By 6th century B.C, these Janapadas became 16 Maha Janapadas with huge standing armies, high trading activities.

With increased trading activities, association of traders, Srenis are formed. Punch marked coins came into existence at the end of the later vedic times. This shows the increased economic activity.

In this way, Later vedic and early vedic are so different in terms of polity, social, religious and economic spheres. By the end of later vedic times, powerful janapadas were established with high advancements in political, technological and economic spheres.

Q&A on Indus Valley Civilisation

Q) Discuss the salient features of the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)?

A) Indus valley civilisation started with the with rural settlement around 4000B.C and developed into mature form between 2500 B.C - 1,900 B.C. and gradually degenerated by 1,200 B.C. In its mature form, Indus valley witnessed a civilisation, whose advancements were unparalleled at its times. Indus Valley Civilisation(IVC) has following characteristic features:-

Society and Social Organisation:-

a. Social Hierarchy:- IVC is predominantly an urban society. With excavations at Mohenjadaro, Harappa, Dholavira and other sited we came across the division of the city into three parts. Those are i. Citadel, ii. Middle Buildings and iii. Lower Buildings. Due to these demarcations, Scholars believed in the existence of Social hierarchy between the groups, who are occupying those aforesaid portions of the city.

b. Agriculture:- IVC cultivated Wheat and Barley as their staple food and they also produced Rye, Peas, Seasmum, Mustard. By early 1800 B.C, Lothal produced rice.

Pashupati Seal

c. Religion:- IVC doesnt have elaborate rituals or temples or Images dedicated for the worship. Their religion is based on their belief system.

i. Pashupati Worship:- In Excavations, IVC produced a seal containing a person sitting in Yogic posture wearing Three-Horned-Headgear. Rightside of the image, there are Tiger and an Elephant and on the leftside there are Buffalo and One-horned Rhino. At the bottom of the Seal, we can observe the Antelopes. Scholars believed that IVC people would have worshipped Pashupati.

Mother Godess

ii. Mother Goddess:- During excavations, IVC produced many artefacts bearing an image of the women. Scholars believed that IVC would have worshipped a woman in the form of Mother Goddess.

iii. Great Bath:- Mohanjadaro and some other sites produced huge Great Bath with depth of more than 2mts. Scholars believed that it is used for the religious purposes and there are rooms adjacent to the bath for changing clothes.

d. Fashion:- IVC people are fashion conscious. They wore many ornaments like necklaces, Finger rings, Amulets, Bracelets, Bangles and many other made of Gold, Silver, Beads, e.t.c.,

e. Recreational Activities:- IVC people for the recreational activities, engaged into Dicing, Fishing, Boat racing, Buffalo fighting, e.t.c.,

Burial Practices

f. Burial Practices:- IVC practiced many burial practices. Many times, it used cremation but we can also find burial practices like Urn Burials, Burials in Sitting posture, where head is facing north, Brick chambered burials e.t.c.,

Town Planning & Architecture:-

One of the unique feature of the IVC is its town planning and architecture.

Buildings:- Each building is built with baked bricks. Many of them are Double storied ones. Many houses have wells within their compounds. Each house is connected to drainage, which is sometimes closed with bricks.

Buildings are constructed into a Grid Pattern, due to which Streets would cross with each other in perpendicular direction. That means, streets are wide and open for commutation.

As aforesaid, IVC towns had divisions within itself, Citadel, Middle Portions and Lower Buildings. The citadel is huge in many cases. It consists of Huge granaries, which must have used for holding grains.

Economy:-

According to scholars, Economy of IVC is mainly based on the Barter System and they also used Seals in trading. As the IVC were the first to produce the cotton in the world, They exported cotton and textiles to Greece, Mesapatomia, Mangolia and other far flung areas. Mesapatomians mentioned IVC as Meluha in their Inscriptions.

They imported, Lapis Lazauli from Mangolia, Perfumes from Greece, Gold from Mesapatomia, Silver from Sumeria and Peals and Shells from South India.

They had their own system of Measurements. The starting weight is Measured in 16 and the remaining heavy weights are in multiples of the 16.

Technology:-

IVC knows metallurgy. They have the idea of Gold, Silver, Tin, Copper and other metals. The made Bronze by combining the Copper and Tin. Their advancements are conspicuous from the 4 inch dancing girl in tribhanga posture made of the Bronze.

Art and Artefacts:-

4" Tribhanga dancing girl

IVC produced many seals, For which they used mainly steatite. The most prominent one is the pashupati Seal. Some of the seals like Unicorn seals having the Pictographical script of the IVC.

IVC produced Many statutes and Images. The most important ones are Dancing girl in Tribhanga posture made of Bronze, Bearded priest wearing shawl made of steatite, Red Colour male torso.

Bearded Priest

IVC produced many mother goddess figures. It is a crude figure of a standing female adorned with necklaces hanging over prominent breasts. She wear loin cloth and a girdle. She also wear fan-shapped headgear.

IVC is marked with Pottery. Technically, it is called Black-polished-ware(BPW), which most beautiful pottery characterised by glowing and shining qualities with beautiful pictures around it.

In this way, IVC had flourished around 2,500 B.C to 1,900 B.C in matured form But, due to unknown factors, IVC gradually degenerated and at present it is silently standing as the evidence to great civilisation flourished once upon a time on the Indian Sub-Continent.

Group-I Mains Syllabus as per Notification

SYLLABUS FOR GROUP-I MAINS EXAMINATION ENGLISH (S.S.C STANDARD)

Marks — 150 Medium:

English Time- 150 Minutes

Serial No. TYPE OF QUESTION Marks to be allotted

01 ESSAY (A minimum of 200 words and a maximum of 250 words): 20

Choose any one topic from a list of five. (Descriptive/ analytical/ philosophical/ based on Current Affairs)

02 LETTER WRITING 10 (about 100 words)

A formal letter expressing one's opinion about an issue. The issues can deal with daily office matters/ a problem that has occurred in the office/ an opinion in response to one sought by a ranked officer etc.

03 PRESS RELEASE/ APPEAL 10(about 100 words)

The PR or appeal should be on an issue pertaining to a recent concern/problem/disaster/rumours etc.

04 REPORT WRITING 15(about 150 words)

A report on an official function/event/field trip/survey etc.

05 WRITING ON VISUAL INFORMATION: 15(about 150 words)

A report on a graph/image/ flow chart/table of comparison/ simple statistical data etc.

06 FORMAL SPEECH (in about 150 words): 15

A speech (in a formal style) that is to be read out in a formal function. This could be an inauguration speech, an educational seminar/conference, a formal ceremony of importance etc.

07 PRECIS WRITING: 15

A precis in about 100 words for a 300-word passage.

08 READING COMPREHENSION: 15

A reading passage of about 250 words to be given followed by short-answer type questions.

09 ENGLISH GRAMMAR: 20

Multiple choice questions set from the following list:

a. Tenses
b. Voice

c. Narration (Direct-Indirect)

d. Transformation of sentences

e. Use of Articles and Determiners

f. Use of Prepositions

g. Use of Phrasal verbs

h. Use of idiomatic expressions

i. Administrative Glossary

j. Synonyms/Antonyms

k. One-word substitution

m. Affixes

n. Words that cause confusion like homonyms/homophones.

10. TRANSLATION: Translation of a short passage from Regional Language to English.

15(about 150 words)

Total: 150

TELUGU

(S.S.C STANDARD)

Marks-150 Medium: Telugu Time- 150 Minutes

Serial No. TYPE OF QUESTION Marks to be allotted

1. ESSAY (A minimum of 200 words and a maximum of 250 words): 20

Choose any one topic from a list of five. (Descriptive/ analytical/Philosophical/ based on Current Affairs)

2. To ELABORATE the thought of poetic or verse (any two of the three) 10 (about 100 words)

3. PRECIS WRITING: 1/3rd summary of the given passage in your words 10

4. COMPREHENSION: A reading passage of about 250 words to be given followed by short-answer type questions. 10

5. FORMAL SPEECH (Welcome, Farewell, Inauguration etc.) / Speech for the press conference (energy, farm credit, pollution, health related policy or problem) 10 (about 150 words)

6. To PREPARE THE STATEMENTS for publicity media 10 (about 100 words)

7. LETTER WRITING:(Congratulation/Best wishes/Request/Complaint etc.) 10(about 100 words)

8. DEBATE WRITING (Newspaper issues / current issues / editorial presenting individual opinion)

10 (about 150 words)

9. APPLICATION WRITING 10(about 150 words)

10 REPORT WRITING 10(about 150 words)

11. DIALOGUE WRITING OR DIALOGUE SKILLS: Dialogues between two people (Group discussion, work of the meeting, water, agriculture, health, sanitation, education related problems etc.) 10(about 150 words)

12. TRANSLATION: Translation from English to Telugu Language 10(about 150 words)

13. Grammar of Telugu 20

Total: 150

PAPER-I - GENERAL ESSSAY

(DEGREE STANDARD)

Marks - 150 Medium: English/Telugu Time- 150 Minutes

The candidates are required to attempt three essays, one from each of the three sections, in about 800 words each.

Objective: This paper is designed to test candidate's (i) knowledge / awareness of a variety of Subjects and (ii) their ability to compose a sustained piece of writing in the form of an essay.

Contents:

i. Current affairs

ii. Socio- political issues

iii. Socio- economic issues

iv. Socio- environmental issues

v. Cultural and historical aspects

vi. Issues related to civic awareness

vii. Reflective topics

Areas of Testing: This paper would test the following:

1. Ability to compose a well-argued piece of writing

2. Ability to express coherently and sequentially

3. Awareness of the subject chosen

Evaluation / Marking: Credit will be given for the following:

Observing established rules and format for essay writing
Grammatical correctness of expression Originality of thought and expression.

PAPER — II: HISTORY, CULTURE AND GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA AND ANDHRA PRADESH

(DEGREE STANDARD)

Marks — 150 Medium: English / Telugu Time- 150 Minutes

A .History and Culture of India:

1. Pre-Historic Cultures in India- Indus Valley Civilization- Vedic Culture- Mahajanapadas Emergence of New Religions-Jainism, Buddhism- Rise of the Magadha and Age of the Mauryas- Ashoka Dharma- Foreign Invasions on India- The Kushans. The Satavahanas, the Sangam Age in South India- the Sungas- the Guptas- the Kanauj and their Contributions- Historical Accounts of Foreign travelers- Early Educational Institutions.

2. The Pallavas, the Badami Chalukyas, the Eastern Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Kalyani Chalukyas and the Cholas- Socio Cultural Contributions, Language, Literature Art and Architecture- Delhi Sultanates- Advent of Islam and its Impact- Religious Movements like Bhakti and Sufi and Its Influence.

Growth of Vernacular Languages, Scripts, Literature, Fine Arts- Socio Cultural Conditions of the Kakatiyas, the Vijayanagaras, the Bahmanis, the Qutubsahis and their contemporary South Indian kingdoms.

3. The Mughals Administration, Socio-Religious life and Cultural developments- Shivaji and Rise of Maratha Empire- Advent of Europeans in India. Trade practices- Rise of East India Company its Hegemony- Changes in Administration, Social and Cultural spheres- Role of Christian Missionaries.

4. Rise of British rule in India from 1757 to 1856- Land Revenue Settlement, Permanent Settlement, Ryothvari and Mahalvari-1857 Revolt and its Impact-Education, Press, Cultural changes- Rise of National Consciousness and Changes- Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th century- Rajaram Mohan Roy, Dayananda Saraswathi, Swamy Vivekananda, Annie Besant, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and others.

Rise of Indian Nationalism- Activities of Indian National Congress- Vandemataram, Home Rule Movements- Self Respect Movement- Jyothiba Phule, Narayana Guru, Periyar Ramaswamy Naicker- Role of Mahatma Gandhi, Subhash Chandra Bose, Vallabai Patel- Satyagraha- Quit India Movement- Dr B.R. Ambedkar and his Contributions.

5. Indian Nationalism in three phases- Freedom Struggle 1885-1905, 1905-1920 and Gandhi Phase 1920-1947- Peasant, Women, Tribal and Workers Movements- Role of Different parties in Freedom Struggle- Local and Regional Movements- Inter Religious Unity and Communalism. Independence and Partition of India- India after Independence- Rehabilitation after partition- Linguistic Re-organization of States- Integration of the Indian States- Indian Constitution- Economic policies- Foreign Policy Initiatives.

B .History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh:

6. Ancient: The Satavahanas, the Ikshvakus, the Salankayanas, the Pallavas and the Vishnukundins- -Social and Economic Conditions- Religion, Language (Telugu), Literature, Art and Architecture- Jainism and Buddhism in Andhra. The Eastern Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Renati Cholas and others- Socio-Cultural life, Religion- Telugu Script and Language, Literature, Art and Architecture.

7. Medieval: Socio- Cultural and Religious Conditions in Andhradesa 1000 to 1565 A.D.-Antiquity, Origin and Growth Telugu Language and Literature (Kavitraya- Asthadiggajas)- Fine Arts, Art& Architecture during the reign of Kakatiyas, Reddis, Gajapatis and Vijayanagaras and their feudatories. Historical Monuments-Significance, Contribution of Qutubshahis to Andhra History and Culture-Regional Literature- Praja Kavi -Vemana and others.

8. Modern: European Trade Establishments in Andhra- Andhra Under the Company Rule- Role of Christian Missionaries- Socio-Cultural, Literary Awakening- C.P. Brown, Thomas Munro, Mackenzie-Zamindary, Polegary System- Native States and Little Kings. Role of Social Reformers- Gurajada Apparao, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu, Gidugu Ramamurthy, Annie Besant and others- Library Movement in Andhra Pradesh- Role of News Paper- Folk and Tribal Culture, Oral Traditions, Subaltern Culture, Role of women.

9. Nationalist Movement: Role of Andhra leaders- Justice Party, Non-Brahmin MovementNationalist and Revolutionary Literature- Gurram Jashva, Boyi Bheemanna, Sri Sri, Garimella Satyanarayana, Rayaprolu Subbarao, Unnava Lakshminarayana, Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Choudhary and others, Andhra Mahasabhas, Andhra Movement- prominent leaders- Alluri Sitaramraju, Duggirala Gopalakrishnaiah, Konda Venkatappayya,Pattabhi Seetaramaiah, Ponaka Kanakamma, Dokka Sitamma- Grandhlaya Movement- Ayyanka Venkataratnam, Gadicherla Harisarvothamarao, Kasinanathuni Nagesvara Rao- Potti Sreeramulu Formation of Andhra State,1953- Emergence of Andhra Pradesh,1956- Andhra Pradesh 1956 to2014- Causes for Bifurcation, 2nd June 2014 Impact.

10. Andhra Pradesh: Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and its impact on Administrative, Economic, Social, Political, Cultural and Legal Implications- Loss of Capital City, Building of New Capital and its financial Implications- Division of Employees and their Native Issues- Effect of Bifurcation on Trade& Commerce, Industry – Implication of Financial Resources of State Government. Developmental Opportunities- Socio-Economic, Cultural and Demographic impact of Bifurcation- Impact on River water sharing and other link issues- Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act.2014- the Arbitrariness of certain provisions.

C. Geography: India and Andhra Pradesh

11. Physical Features and Resources: India and Andhra Pradesh, Major land forms, Climatic changes, Soil types, Rivers, Water, Streams, Geology, Rocks, Mineral Resources, Metals, Clays, Construction Materials, Reservoirs, Dams —Forests, Mountains, Hills, Flora and fauna, Plateau Forests, Hill Forests, Vegetation Classification.

12. Economic Geography : Agriculture, Live stocks, Forestry, Fishery, Quarrying, Mining, House hold Manufacturing, Industries — Agro, Mineral, Forest, Fuel and man power, Trade and Commerce, Communication, Road Transport, Storage and others.

13. Social Geography: Population Movements and Distribution, Human Habitations, Density, Age, Sex, Rural, Urban, Race, Caste, Tribe, Religion, Linguistic, Urban Migration, Education Characteristics.

14. Fauna and Floral Geography: Wild Animals, Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Mammals, Trees and Plants and others.

15. Environmental Geography: Sustainable Development, Globalization, Temperature, Humidity, Cloudiness, Winds, Special Weather Phenomena, Natural Hazards — Earth Quakes, Land Slides, Floods, Cyclones, Cloud Burst, Disaster Management, Impact Assessment, Environmental Pollution, Pollution Management.

PAPER III - POLITY, CONSTITUTION, GOVERNANCE, LAW AND ETHICS

(DEGREE STANDARD)

Marks — 150 Medium: English / Telugu Time- 150 Minutes (A) Indian Polity and Constitution:

1. Indian Constitution and its salient features - Functions and duties of the Indian Union and the State Governments.

2. Issues and challenges pertaining to the Federal structure — Role of Governor in States - Distribution of powers between the Union and States (Union list, State list and Concurrent list) — Issues and challenges.

3. Rural and Urban Local Governance under 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment - Constitutional Authorities and their Role.

4. Parliament and State Legislatures — structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

5. Judiciary in India — Structure and functions, important provisions relating to emergency and constitutional amendments, judicial review, Public Interest Litigation.

(B) Public Administration and Governance:

6. Meaning, Nature and Scope of Public Administration — Evolution in India — Administrative ideas in Kautilya's Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule.

7. Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues and problems of implementation.

8. Development processes - the role of civil society, NGOs and other stakeholders –

9. Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial authorities - Role of Civil Services in Democracy.

10. Good governance and e-governance- Transparency, accountability and responsiveness in governance — Citizen's Charter. RTI, Public Service Act and their implications, Concept of Social Audit and its importance.

(C). Ethics in Public Service and knowledge of law

11. Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and Consequences of Ethics in Human actions: dimensions of Ethics: Ethics in Private and Public relationships, Ethics-integrity and Accountability in Public Service.

12. Human values: Understanding the Harmony in existence Human relationships in the society and in the Nature. Gender Equability in the relationships Role of family, society and Educational Institutions in imparting values to citizens, lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrations.

13. Attitude: Content, Functions, its influence and relation with thought and behaviour, Moral and Political attitudes, role of Social influence and persuasion. Emotional intelligenceConcepts and their utilities and application in Administration and Governance.

14. Concept of Public Service, "Philosophical basis of Governance professional Ethics in the light of right understanding and Vision for Holistic Technologies, Codes of Ethics, codes of Conduct, RTI, Public Service Act, Leadership Ethics, Work culture, Ethical principles with in an Organizational content. - Ethical and moral values in governance, Ethical issues in international relations, corruption, Lokpal, Lokayukta

15. Basic Knowledge of Laws in India

Constitution of India: Nature and salient features – Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy – Bifurcation of powers between centre and state (state list, union list and concurrent list) – Powers of judiciary, executive and legislature.

Civil and Criminal laws: hierarchy of civil and criminal courts in India - difference between substantial and procedural laws – order and decree - new developments in criminal laws, Nirbhaya Act.

Labour Law: Concept of social welfare legislations in India, changing trends in employment and necessity for new labour laws.

Cyber Laws: Information Technology Act – Cyber Security and Cyber Crime – difficulties in determining competent jurisdiction of courts in case of cyber-crimes.

Tax Laws: Laws relating to income, Profits, Wealth Tax, Corporate Tax - GST

Paper — IV — ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA AND ANDHRA PRADESH

(DEGREE STANDARD)

Marks — 150 Medium: English/Telugu Time - 150 Minutes

1) Major Challenges of Indian Economy – Inconsistent growth rate, Low growth rates of agriculture and manufacturing sectors, inflation and oil prices, current account deficit and unfavorable balance of payments, falling rupee value, growing NPAs and capital infusion - money laundering and black money - Insufficient financial resources and deficiency of capital, Lack of Inclusive growth and Sustainable development - Nature, causes, consequences and solutions of these problems

2) Resource Mobilization in Indian Economy: Sources of financial resources for public and private sectors - budgetary resources – tax revenue and non-tax revenue – public debt : market borrowings, loans and grants etc., external debt from multilateral agencies – foreign institutional investment and foreign direct investment – desirability and consequences of utilizing different sources – Monetary and fiscal policies - financial markets and institutions of developmental finance – investment in industries and infrastructure projects - Physical resources – Energy resources

3) Resource mobilization in Andhra Pradesh – Budgetary resources and constraints - Fulfilment of the conditions of A.P Bifurcation Act – central assistance and issues of conflict - public debt and projects of external assistance - Physical resources - Mineral and forest resources – Water disputes with neighboring states

4) Government Budgeting: Structure of Government budget and its components –Budgeting process and recent changes - of - Types of budget – types of deficits, their impact and management – Highlights of current year’s union budget and its analysis -GST and related issues – Central assistance to states - Issues of federal finance in India – Recommendations of the latest finance commission -

5) Government budgeting in Andhra Pradesh – Budget constraints – Central assistance and issues of conflict after bifurcation of the state – management of deficits - - Highlights and Analysis of the current year budget – State finance commission and local finance in Andhra Pradesh

6) Inclusive Growth: Meaning of inclusion - Causes of exclusion in India – Strategies for and instruments of inclusion : Poverty alleviation and employment , Health and Education, women empowerment, social welfare schemes – Food Security and Public Distribution System – sustainable agriculture - Integrated Rural development -regional diversification - Public and partnership for inclusive growth – Financial inclusion All Andhra Pradesh government’s current schemes for inclusive growth and financial inclusion - Public Distribution system and DWCRA

7) Agricultural Development: Role of agriculture in economic development – Contribution of to GDP– Issues of finance, production, marketing – green revolution and changing focus to dryland farming, organic farming and sustainable agriculture – minimum support prices – agriculture policy – Swaminathan commission – Rainbow revolution -

8) Agriculture Development in Andhra Pradesh: Contribution to SGDP-Regional disparities in irrigation and agricultural development -changing cropping pattern - focus on horticulture and fisheries and dairying – Government schemes to promote agriculture in Andhra Pradesh.

9) Industrial Development and Policy : Role of industrial sector in economic development – Evolution of industrial policy since independence - Industrial Policy, 1991and its impact on Indian economy – Contribution of Public Sector to industrial development in India – impact of liberalization and privatization and globalization on industrial development - Disinvestment and privatization - – Problems of core industries -Micro, small and medium enterprises, their problems and policy – industrial sickness and support mechanism – Manufacturing policy – Make-in India – Start up programme – NIMZs- SEZs, industrial corridors -

10) Industrial Policy of the AP Government – Incentives to industries – Industrial corridors in and SEZs in Andhra Pradesh - Bottlenecks for industrial development – Power projects

11) Infrastructure in India: Transport infrastructure : Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways – Major projects of transport infrastructure in India - Communication infrastructure - Information Technology –e-governance - Digital India – Energy and Power – Urban infrastructure – smart cities – urban environment - solid waste management - Weather forecast and disaster management – Issues of finance, ownership, operation and maintenance of all kinds of infrastructure – Public-private partnership and related issues – Pricing of public utilities and government policy – environmental impacts of infrastructure projects

12) Infrastructure Development in Andhra Pradesh – Transport , Energy and ICT infrastructure – Bottlenecks – Government policy – Ongoing projects.

Paper -V SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEGREE STANDARD)

Marks — 150 Medium: English / Telugu Time- 150 Minutes .

1.Integration of Science, Technology and Innovation for better human life; Science & Technology in everyday life; National Policies on proliferation of Science, Technology and Innovation; India's contribution in the field of Science and Technology. Concerns and challenges in the proliferation and use of science and technology; Role and Scope of Science and Technology in nation building. Major Scientific institutes for Science and \technology in AP and India. Major Scientific Institutes for Research and Development in AP and India. Achievements of Indian Scientist in the field of Science and Technology-Indigenous technologies and developing new technologies.

2. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) - its importance, advantages and challenges; E-governance and India; Cyber Crime and policies to address security concerns. Government of India Policy on Information Technology (IT). IT Development in AP and India.

3. Indian Space Programme - Past, Present and Future; Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) — it's activities and achievements; Satellite Programmes of India and Use of Satellites in different fields like Health, Education, Communication Technology, Weather forecasting affecting human lives; Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO).

4. Indian's energy needs, efficiency and resources; Clean energy resources; Energy policy of India - Government Policies and Programmes. Conventional and Non- Conventional energy resources. Energy demands, Indian Energy Sciences, Conventional energy powers, Thermal, renewable energy resources, Solar, wind, Bio and wasted based, energy policies Geotharmal and Tidal Sources, energy Policies in India, energy security. Salient features of Nuclear Policy of India; Development of Nuclear programmes in India, Nuclear Policies at the International level and India's stand on them.

5. Development Vs. Nature / Environment; Depletion of Natural Resources- Metals, Minerals — Conservation Policy. Environmental Pollution Natural and Anthropogenic and Environmental degradation. Sustainable Development — possibilities and challenges; Climate Change and Its effect on the world; Climate justice — a global phenomenon; Environment Impact Assessment, Natural Disasters — Cyclones, Earth Quakes, Landslides & Tsunamis — Prediction Management. Correlation between Health & Environment, Social Forestry, Afforestation and deforestation, Mining in AP and India. Types of Natural resources- renewable and Nonrenewable. Forest resources. Fishery resources. Fossil Fuels- Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas. Mineral resources. Water resources — Types, Water shed management. Land resources — types of soils and soil reclamation.

6. Environmental pollution and Solid waste management: Sources, impacts and control of - air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution. Noise pollution. Solid waste management - Types of solid waste, impacts of solid waste, recycling and reuse. Remedial measurers for Soil erosion and Costal erosion. Global Environmental issues and role of information Technology in Environment and Human Health, Ozone layer depletion, Acid rain. Global Warming and its impacts. Environmental legislation: International Law, Montreal protocol, Kyoto protocol, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change, CITES. The Environment (Protection) act 1986, Forest conservation Act, Wildlife protection act. Biodiversity Bill of India - cop 21 - Sustainable Development Goals - National Disaster Management Policy, 2016 of India and Disaster management initiatives in India. White Revolution, Green Revolution, and Green Pharmacy.

7. Nature, Scope and Applications of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology in India; Ethical, Social and Legal concerns, Government policies; Genetic engineering, issues related to it and its impact on human life. Bio – diversity, fermentation, Immuno – diagnosis techniques.

8. Human diseases-microbial infections. Common infections and preventive measures. Introduction to bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections. Basic knowledge of infections-diarrhoea, dysentry, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, viral infections like HIV, Encephalitis, Chikungunya, bird flu-preventive measures during out breaks. Introduction to Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Basic concepts of genetic engineering. Tissue culture methods and applications. Biotechnology in agriculture- Biopesticides, Bio-fertilizers, Bio-fuels, Genetically modified crops. Animal husbandry- transgenic animals. Vaccines: Introduction to immunity, Fundamental concepts in vaccination, Production of Modern Vaccines (production of Hepatitis vaccine).

9. Issues related to Intellectual Property Rights in the field of Science and Technology. Promotion of Science in AP and India.

Syllabus of the History Portion in APPSC Group-I Notification

A .History and Culture of India:

B .History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh:

Discuss the Growth, Spread and Contributions of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh?

The Spread of Buddhism in andhra pradesh and its growth is known from various sources such as Buddhist Jatakas, Hiuen Tsiang's Si-Yu-Ki and various other sources.

Andhra during Buddha's Lifetime:-

As per Si-Yu-Ki, Buddha visited the Andhra Pradesh in the 16th year after enlightenment. He reached amaravathi and preached two Chakras such as Dhanya and Kaala to Monk Dashamalla. Thatswhy, Amaravati is also known as the Dhanyakatakam in ancient days. As he taught 10 Dharanis, magic spells at amaravati, It is also known as the Dharanikota.

On his visit, he attracted several tribes such as Nagas, Pundras, Pulingas and several other tribes. According to Buddhist Jatakas, Muchilinda of Nagas became the body guard of Buddha and Eripatra of nagas was so excited to have the glance of the Buddha.

Buddhism attracted tribal people mainly as they desisted the segmentary social stratification of Bramhanism. Tribal people likes the egalitarianism and wanted to excel based on profession rather than by Birth like Bramhanism.

Thatswhy, Egalitarian principles and Tenets of buddhism attracted the tribal people.

After Buddha in Andhra Pradesh:-

With the course of time, Buddhism proliferated in Andhra region. Buddhism was successful in consolidating the various tribes under one religion.

Mahdeva Bikshu from andhra pradesh attended 2nd Buddhist Council held at vaishali and posed five questions, which later led to the first schism in buddhism. Two groups are Mahasangikas, Pro-changers and Theravadins, Non-Changers.

Mahdeva Bikshu introduced five sects of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh such Purvaseliya, Uttaraseliya, Aparaseliya, Rajagirika and Siddhatthaka. Mangalagiri, Amaravati, Jaggayaptea, Gudivada and nagarjuna Konda are mains prominent centres for those sects.

Mahayana, Hinayana and Vajrayana existed in Nagarjuna Konda, Amaravati and Salihunda respectively. Nagarjuna Konda was important centres of Buddhist learning in ancient times. It is the place, where Acharya Nagarjuna wrote Mula Madhyamika Karika, Rasaranajani and various other works. He introduced SUNYAVADA philosophy into buddhism and regarded as the 2nd Buddha.

His successor Aryasangha wrote Sutralankara and Buddha-Gosha, a staunch follower of hinayanism brought original pali texts from sri lanka and wrote an authoritative text in hinayanism called VISUDHIMAGA.

Maitreyanada introduced Vijnanavada Philosophy in andhra pradesh. Apart from that, Padma sambhava introduced kaala Chakra in Tibet for the first time.

In this way, buddhism flourished and spreaded to many places in Andhra Pradesh such as Mangalagiri, Gudivada, Amaravati, jagayyapeta, Gudiamallam, Bojjanakonda, Bhattiprolu, Salihundam and many other Places. Amaravati, Bhattiprolu and Jagayyapeta are considered sacred and DATIGRABHITA as those place having stupas containing Buddha's Original Relics.

Patronage to Buddhism:-

Buddhism received immense contributions from various Kings and Queens. For example, Gautami putra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni helped monks to construct various viharas and chaityas. Santhasri, sister of Visishtraputra Santhamula gave immense contribution for the construction of Viharas at Nagarjua Koda. King Veerapurusha Dutta made contributions in establishing Sri Parvata University at Nagarjuna Koda.

Contribution of Buddhism to Andhra Pradesh:-

For the Polity and Administration:-

Buddhism attracted various tribes and consolidated them into one, which immensely helpful for the Sathavahanas and Ikshvakus to achieve the efficiency in administration.

As the buddhism promotes the egalitarianism and welfare state, it helps the administration to function smoothly, which inturn brought forth prosperity among the people.

Education:-

Contribution of Buddhism to education was immense. Sriparvata university became the centre of learning in almost all the south india.

It popularised Prakrith Language and brought forth richness to it. In entire South India, Ikshavakus became the first one to issue Inscription in Sanskrit.

Art and Architecture:-

In terms of Art and Architecture, Contribution of Buddhism was immense and unparalleled. Amarvathi School of Architecture was wonders of those times. Amaravathi Stupa was biggest in ancient times.

Amaravathi school of architecture produced the beautiful and life like images and it was the first one to utilise in art during ancient times.

In this way, Buddhism contributed much to the Andhra Pradesh, to where Buddha came down and spreaded the Buddhism, which flourished in the course of time. Andhra became the base for the spread of buddhism in South India, Sri Lanka and other surrounding littoral nations.